Motor Development & Physical Education Chapter 10

Discipline: Education

Type of Paper: Question-Answer

Academic Level: Undergrad. (yrs 3-4)

Paper Format: APA

Pages: 1 Words: 275

Question

 Motor Development & Physical Education Chapter 10

Intrinsic Feedback   Sensory information that occurs normally when performers produce movements. It can come from sources outside the body (exteroception) or inside the body (proprioception).

Exteroception    Sensory information that come primarily from sources outside a person's body, primarily vision, audition, and smell.

Proprioception   Sensory information that comes primarily from sources in the muscles and joints and from bodily movements.

Extrinsic Feedback    Sensory information provided by an outside source in addition to that which occurs when performers produce their movements (i.e. intrinsic feedback). Sometimes referred to as augmented feedback.

Augmented Feedback    Another name for extrinsic feedback

Knowledge of Results   Augmented information usually provided in verbal form after the action is completed. Indicates something about the degree to which the performer achieved the desired movement outcome or environmental goal.

Knowledge of Performance   Augmented feedback that provides information about the quality of the movement (ex: rhythmic, smooth, mechanically efficient, beautiful, etc.).

Kinematic Feedback   Feedback about the displacement, velocity, acceleration, or other aspects of the movement itself or of the object being moved. A subcategory of knowledge of performance.

Operant Learning   The process of acquiring the capability to behave in ways that produce desirable outcomes.

Reinforcement   An event following a response that increases the likelihood that the performer will repeat the response under similar circumstances

Negative Reinforcement    An event following a response that removes an aversive condition and increases the likelihood that the performer will repeat the response again under similar circumstances.

Punishment   An event following a response that decreases the likelihood that the response will be produced again under similar circumstances.

Positive Reinforcement   An event following a response that increases the likelihood that the performer will repeat the response again under similar circumstances. Similar to a reward.

Intermittent Reinforcement    A feedback schedule in which reinforcement is provided only occasionally

Information Feedback   Feedback that provides performers with error-correction information. This feedback can be either descriptive or prescriptive.

Program Feedback    Feedback that provides error information about the fundamental pattern of a movement (i.e. the generalized motor program)

Parameter Feedback    Feedback that provides error information about the changeable surface features (ex: amplitude, speed, force) of movements

Prescriptive Feedback   Feedback that describes the errors made during the performance of a skill and some things the learner might do to correct the errors.

Attentional Cueing    Prescriptive feedback that directs learners' attention to the most pertinent information for correcting a particular performance error

Summary Feedback    Feedback provided after a series of performance attempts that informs learners about each of the attempts in the series.

Average Feedback    Feedback provided after a series of practice attempts that informs learners about their average performance

Bandwidth Feedback   Feedback provided only when errors exceed a certain tolerance level

Absolute Feedback Frequency    The total number of times feedback is given for a series of performance attempts

Relative Feedback Frequency    The percentage of performance attempts for which feedback is given. Equal to absolute feedback frequency divided by the number of performance attempts and multiplied by 100.

Faded Feedback    A schedule for providing extrinsic feedback in which relative frequency of feedback presentation is high during early practice and diminishes during later practice

Instantaneous Feedback   Feedback provided immediately following movement completion

Delayed Feedback   Feedback provided several seconds or more following movement completion

What are the four ways in which extrinsic feedback can influence learning?
Motivational, Reinforcement, Informational, Dependency-producing Properties 

Thorndike's Law of Effect (1927)    Law that says that actions followed by pleasant of rewarding consequences tend to be repeated, and actions followed by unpleasant or punishing consequences tend to not be repeated

What are the two problems with punishment?    No guarantee that the appropriate response will replace the wrong one and the learner may withdraw

Precision of Feedback   Informational property of extrinsic feedback that tells how closely the feedback matches the actual error. Can give the direction or magnitude of the error.

How should precision of feedback be given over the course of learning?    Increase over the course of learning.

Dependency-Producing Properties   This is what happens when learners become dependent on extrinsic feedback.

Mental Practice   When performers think through/about the cognitive or procedural aspects of a motor skill in the absence of movement

Mental Imagery
When performers imagine themselves performing a motor skill (from an internal or external perspective)